Why PDFs get so large in the first place
A PDF is a container, not a format: it stores pages as text, vectors and images mixed together. The bloat usually comes from the images inside — a scan exported at 600 DPI, a slide deck with full-resolution photos, or a phone-camera capture wrapped into a PDF that nobody ever downsampled.
The second source is structural: objects stored uncompressed, duplicated fonts, thumbnails and revision history. That part is what the lossless pass removes without touching a single pixel.